Gabatarwa: Yin gyare-gyaren allura shine tsari na farko a cikin kayan marufi na kwaskwarima. Na farko tsari sau da yawa allura gyare-gyare, wanda kai tsaye ƙayyade ingancin samfurin da yawan aiki. Saitin tsarin gyaran allura ya kamata yayi la'akari da abubuwan 7 irin su raguwa, ruwa, crystallinity, robobi masu zafi mai zafi da robobi mai sauƙi na hydrolyzed, fashewar damuwa da narke karaya, aikin thermal da yanayin sanyaya, da shayar da danshi. An rubuta wannan labarinkunshin bakan gizo na shanghai. Raba abubuwan da suka dace na waɗannan abubuwan guda 7, don bayanin abokanka a cikin sarkar samar da Youpin:
Gyaran allura
Injection molding, kuma aka sani da allura gyare-gyare, hanya ce ta gyare-gyaren da ke haɗa allura da gyare-gyare. Amfanin hanyar yin gyare-gyaren allura shine saurin samarwa da sauri, babban inganci, ana iya yin aiki ta atomatik, launuka iri-iri, siffofi na iya zama daga sauƙi zuwa hadaddun, girman na iya zama daga babba zuwa ƙarami, kuma girman samfurin daidai ne, samfurin. yana da sauƙin sabuntawa, kuma ana iya sanya shi cikin sifofi masu rikitarwa. Sassan da gyare-gyaren allura sun dace da yawan samarwa da gyare-gyaren filayen sarrafa abubuwa kamar samfuran da ke da siffofi masu rikitarwa. A wani zafin jiki, kayan robobin da suka narke gabaɗaya ana motsa su ta hanyar dunƙule, allura a cikin kogon ƙura tare da babban matsi, kuma a sanyaya da ƙarfafa don samun samfurin da aka ƙera. Wannan hanya ta dace da yawan samar da sassa tare da siffofi masu rikitarwa kuma yana daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin sarrafawa.
01
Ragewa
Abubuwan da ke shafar raguwar gyare-gyaren thermoplastic sune kamar haka:
1) Nau'in filastik: A lokacin aiwatar da gyare-gyaren filastik na thermoplastic, har yanzu akwai canje-canjen ƙarar da ke haifar da crystallization, matsanancin damuwa na ciki, babban damuwa mai daskarewa a cikin sassan filastik, ƙaƙƙarfan daidaitawar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran dalilai, don haka idan aka kwatanta da robobi na thermoset, raguwa. ƙimar ya fi girma, kewayon raguwa yana da faɗi, kuma jagorar a bayyane take. Bugu da kari, raguwar bayan yin gyare-gyare, gyare-gyare ko yanayin zafi gabaɗaya ya fi na robobi na thermosetting.
2) Halayen ɓangaren filastik. Lokacin da narkakkar kayan ke cikin hulɗa da saman rami, nan da nan za a sanyaya Layer na waje don samar da harsashi mai ƙarancin ƙima. Saboda rashin ƙarancin zafin jiki na filastik, ɓangaren ciki na ɓangaren filastik yana sanyaya sannu a hankali don samar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara. Saboda haka, kaurin bango, jinkirin sanyaya, da kauri mai girma zai ragu sosai.
Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar ko rashi na abubuwan da aka sanyawa da kuma shimfidawa da adadin abubuwan da aka saka kai tsaye suna shafar jagorancin kayan aiki, rarraba yawa da juriya na shrinkage. Sabili da haka, halayen sassan filastik suna da tasiri mafi girma akan raguwa da shugabanci.
3) Abubuwa irin su nau'i, girman, da rarraba mashigar abinci kai tsaye suna shafar jagorancin kwararar kayan aiki, rarraba mai yawa, matsa lamba da kuma raguwa da tasiri da lokacin gyare-gyare. Tashar jiragen ruwa kai tsaye da tashoshin ciyar da abinci tare da manyan sassan giciye (musamman maɗaukakin ɓangarorin giciye) suna da ƙarancin raguwa amma mafi girman kai tsaye, kuma gajartan tashar jiragen ruwa masu guntun faɗi da tsayi suna da ƙarancin kai tsaye. Wadanda ke kusa da mashigin abinci ko kuma a layi daya zuwa jagorancin kayan kwarara zasu kara raguwa.
4) Yanayin gyare-gyaren zafin jiki na mold yana da girma, kayan da aka narkar da su yana kwantar da hankali a hankali, yawan yawa yana da girma, kuma raguwa yana da girma. Musamman ga kayan kristal, raguwa ya fi girma saboda babban crystallinity da manyan canje-canje. Rarraba zafin jiki na mold kuma yana da alaƙa da sanyin ciki da na waje da kuma daidaituwar yawa na ɓangaren filastik, wanda kai tsaye yana rinjayar girman da shugabanci na raguwa na kowane bangare.
Bugu da ƙari, riƙe da matsa lamba da lokaci kuma yana da tasiri mafi girma akan ƙaddamarwa, kuma ƙaddamarwa ya fi ƙanƙanta amma jagorancin ya fi girma lokacin da matsa lamba ya yi girma kuma lokaci ya yi tsawo. Matsakaicin allurar yana da girma, bambancin ɗanɗanon narkewa yana ƙarami, ƙarancin ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi na tsaka-tsaki yana ƙarami, kuma sake dawo da na roba bayan rushewa yana da girma, don haka ana iya rage raguwa da adadin da ya dace. Yanayin zafin jiki yana da girma, raguwa yana da girma, amma shugabanci yana da ƙananan. Sabili da haka, daidaita yanayin ƙirar ƙira, matsa lamba, saurin allura da lokacin sanyaya yayin gyare-gyaren kuma na iya canza raguwar ɓangaren filastik daidai yadda ya kamata.
Lokacin zayyana mold, bisa ga shrinkage kewayon daban-daban robobi, da bango kauri da kuma siffar da filastik part, girman da kuma rarraba nau'i na shigarwa, da shrinkage kudi na kowane bangare na filastik part an ƙaddara bisa ga gwaninta, kuma sannan ana lissafin girman rami.
Don ɓangarorin filastik madaidaici kuma lokacin da yake da wahala a fahimci ƙimar raguwa, yakamata a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin gabaɗaya don tsara ƙirar:
Ɗauki ƙaramin ƙanƙara don diamita na waje na ɓangaren filastik, da ƙimar raguwa mafi girma don diamita na ciki, don barin ɗaki don gyara bayan ƙirar gwaji.
Gwajin gwaji suna ƙayyade tsari, girman da yanayin gyare-gyaren tsarin gating.
Ana aiwatar da sassan filastik da za a sarrafa su bayan aiwatarwa don tantance girman canjin (ma'auni dole ne ya kasance awanni 24 bayan rushewa).
Gyara gyare-gyare bisa ga ainihin raguwa.
Sake gwada ƙirar kuma canza yanayin tsari yadda ya kamata don canza ƙimar raguwa kaɗan don saduwa da buƙatun ɓangaren filastik.
02
ruwa
1) Za'a iya yin nazarin ruwa na thermoplastics gabaɗaya daga jerin fihirisa kamar nauyin kwayoyin halitta, narke index, Archimedes karkace kwararar kwarara, bayyananne danko da kwarara rabo (tsari tsawon / roba part kauri bango).
Ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta, rarraba nau'in nau'in kwayoyin halitta, ƙarancin tsarin kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullum, babban narke index, tsayi mai tsayi karkace, ƙananan danko mai zurfi, babban rabo mai girma, mai kyau ruwa, robobi da sunan samfurin iri ɗaya dole ne su duba umarnin su don sanin ko ruwan su ya kasance. m Domin allura gyare-gyare.
Dangane da buƙatun ƙirar ƙira, yawan ruwan robobin da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun na iya kasu kashi uku:
Kyakkyawan ruwa mai kyau PA, PE, PS, PP, CA, poly (4) methylpentene;
Matsakaicin ruwa na polystyrene jerin guduro (kamar ABS, AS), PMMA, POM, polyphenylene ether;
Poor fluidity PC, wuya PVC, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyarylsulfone, fluoroplastics.
2) Yawan ruwa na robobi daban-daban shima yana canzawa saboda abubuwan gyare-gyare daban-daban. Babban abubuwan da ke tasiri sune kamar haka:
①Mafi girman kayan zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa, amma robobi daban-daban suna da bambance-bambancen nasu, kamar PS (musamman waɗanda ke da juriya mai ƙarfi da ƙimar MFR mafi girma), PP, PA, PMMA, polystyrene da aka gyara (kamar ABS, AS) Ruwa na, PC , CA da sauran robobi sun bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki. Don PE da POM, haɓakar zafin jiki ko raguwa yana da ɗan tasiri akan ruwan su. Sabili da haka, tsohon ya kamata ya daidaita yanayin zafi yayin gyare-gyare don sarrafa ruwa.
②Lokacin da matsa lamba na gyare-gyaren allura ya karu, kayan da aka narkar da su yana da tasiri mai girma, kuma yawan ruwa yana ƙaruwa, musamman PE da POM sun fi damuwa, don haka ya kamata a daidaita matsa lamba don sarrafa ruwa yayin gyare-gyare.
③ The form, size, layout, sanyaya tsarin zane na mold tsarin, da kwarara juriya na narkakkar abu (kamar surface gama, da kauri daga cikin tashar sashe, siffar da rami, da shaye tsarin) da sauran dalilai kai tsaye. shafi narkakkar kayan da ke cikin rami Ainihin ruwa na ciki, idan an inganta kayan narke don rage yawan zafin jiki da kuma ƙara yawan juriya, ruwan zai ragu. Lokacin zayyana ƙira, ya kamata a zaɓi tsari mai ma'ana bisa ga ruwa na filastik da aka yi amfani da shi.
Yayin gyare-gyaren, zafin kayan abu, zazzabi mai ƙirƙira, matsa lamba na allura, saurin allura da sauran dalilai kuma ana iya sarrafa su don daidaita yanayin cika daidai don biyan buƙatun gyare-gyare.
03
Crystallinity
Za a iya raba thermoplastics zuwa robobi na crystalline da robobi marasa lu'ulu'u (wanda kuma aka sani da amorphous) robobi bisa ga rashin crystallization yayin datsewa.
Abin da ake kira al'amarin crystallization yana nufin gaskiyar cewa lokacin da filastik ya canza daga yanayin da aka narkar da shi zuwa yanayin sanyi, kwayoyin suna motsawa da kansu kuma suna cikin yanayin rashin lafiya. Kwayoyin suna daina motsawa cikin yardar kaina, danna madaidaicin matsayi kaɗan, kuma suna da hali don yin tsarin kwayoyin halitta samfurin yau da kullum. Wannan lamari.
Ma'aunin bayyanar don yin hukunci akan waɗannan nau'ikan robobi guda biyu za'a iya ƙaddara ta hanyar bayyana gaskiyar sassan filastik mai kauri. Gabaɗaya, kayan lu'ulu'u ba su da kyau ko kuma masu jujjuyawa (kamar POM, da dai sauransu), kuma kayan amorphous suna bayyana (kamar PMMA, da sauransu). Amma akwai keɓancewa. Misali, poly (4) methylpentene robobi ne na crystalline amma yana da babban fa'ida, kuma ABS abu ne mai amorphous amma ba bayyananne ba.
Lokacin zayyana gyare-gyare da zaɓin injunan gyare-gyaren allura, kula da buƙatu masu zuwa da matakan kariya don robobi na crystalline:
Zafin da ake buƙata don ɗaga yawan zafin jiki na kayan abu zuwa yanayin da aka samar yana buƙatar zafi mai yawa, kuma ana buƙatar kayan aiki tare da babban ƙarfin filastik.
Ana fitar da babban adadin zafi yayin sanyaya da sake dawowa, don haka dole ne a sanyaya shi sosai.
Bambancin ƙayyadaddun nauyi tsakanin narkakkar jihar da kuma m jihar ne babba, gyare-gyare shrinkage ne babba, da shrinkage da pores ne yiwuwa ya faru.
Saurin sanyaya, ƙananan crystallinity, ƙananan raguwa da babban bayyananne. Ƙa'idar tana da alaƙa da kauri na bango na ɓangaren filastik, kuma kauri na bango yana jinkirin yin sanyi, crystallinity yana da girma, raguwa yana da girma, kuma kayan jiki suna da kyau. Sabili da haka, dole ne a sarrafa zafin jiki na kayan kristal kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Anisotropy yana da mahimmanci kuma damuwa na ciki yana da girma. Kwayoyin da ba a kristal ba bayan rushewar suna da dabi'ar ci gaba da yin kyalkyali, suna cikin yanayin rashin daidaiton makamashi, kuma suna da saurin nakasu da wargi.
Matsakaicin zafin jiki na crystallization yana da kunkuntar, kuma yana da sauƙi don sa kayan da ba a narkewa ba a allura a cikin ƙirar ko don toshe tashar abinci.
04
Robobi masu zafin zafi da kuma robobi masu sauƙin ruwa
1) Yanayin zafi yana nufin cewa wasu robobi sun fi kula da zafi. Za a yi zafi na dogon lokaci a babban zafin jiki ko kuma sashin buɗewar abinci ya yi ƙanƙanta. Lokacin da tasiri mai girma ya yi girma, yawan zafin jiki na kayan zai karu da sauƙi don haifar da launi, lalata da lalata. Siffar filastik ana kiranta filastik mai saurin zafi.
Irin su PVC mai wuya, polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate copolymer, POM, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, da dai sauransu. Robobi masu zafi suna samar da monomers, gas, daskararru da sauran samfurori a lokacin bazuwar. Musamman, wasu iskar iskar gas suna da ban haushi, ɓarna ko mai guba akan jikin ɗan adam, kayan aiki, da gyare-gyare.
Saboda haka, ya kamata a biya hankali ga ƙirar ƙira, zaɓin injin gyare-gyaren allura da gyare-gyare. Ya kamata a yi amfani da injin gyare-gyaren allura. Sashin tsarin zubar da ruwa ya kamata ya zama babba. Samfurin da ganga ya kamata su zama chrome-plated. Ƙara stabilizer don raunana zafin zafinsa.
2) Ko da wasu robobi (kamar PC) suna ɗauke da ɗan ƙaramin ruwa, za su ruɓe cikin matsanancin zafi da matsa lamba. Ana kiran wannan dukiya mai sauƙi hydrolysis, wanda dole ne a yi zafi kuma a bushe a gaba.
05
Damuwa fatattaka da narkewa karaya
1) Wasu robobi suna kula da damuwa. Suna da wuya ga damuwa na ciki a lokacin gyare-gyare kuma suna da rauni kuma suna da sauƙi don fashe. Sassan filastik za su fashe a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin waje ko sauran ƙarfi.
Don haka, ban da ƙara abubuwan da ake ƙarawa ga albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka juriya, ya kamata a mai da hankali ga bushewar albarkatun ƙasa, kuma a zaɓi yanayin gyare-gyare da kyau don rage damuwa na ciki da haɓaka juriya. Kuma ya kamata ya zaɓi nau'i mai ma'ana na sassa filastik, bai dace ba don shigar da abubuwan da aka saka da sauran matakan don rage girman damuwa.
Lokacin zayyana ƙirar, ya kamata a ƙara kusurwar rushewa, kuma ya kamata a zaɓi hanyar shigar da abinci mai dacewa da fitarwa. Ya kamata a daidaita zafin jiki na kayan, zafin jiki na mold, matsa lamba na allura da lokacin sanyaya yadda ya kamata a lokacin gyaran fuska, kuma a yi ƙoƙarin kauce wa rushewa lokacin da ɓangaren filastik ya yi sanyi sosai kuma ya karye , Bayan gyare-gyaren, sassan filastik kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da su bayan jiyya don ingantawa. juriya na tsaga, kawar da damuwa na ciki da kuma hana hulɗa tare da kaushi.
2) Lokacin da polymer narke tare da wani narke kwararan ruwa ya ratsa ta cikin bututun ƙarfe a wani m zafin jiki da kuma yawan kwararan jini ya wuce wani ƙima, bayyanannen tsagewar gefe a saman narke da ake kira narkewa karaya, wanda zai lalata bayyanar. kayan jiki na ɓangaren filastik. Sabili da haka, lokacin da zaɓin polymers tare da ƙimar narke mai girma, ɓangaren giciye na bututun ƙarfe, mai gudu, da buɗe abinci ya kamata a ƙara don rage saurin allura da ƙara yawan zafin jiki.
06
Ayyukan thermal da ƙimar sanyaya
1) Robobi daban-daban suna da kaddarorin thermal daban-daban kamar ƙayyadaddun zafi, zafin zafin jiki, da kuma yanayin zafi. Filastik tare da takamaiman zafi yana buƙatar babban adadin zafi, kuma yakamata a yi amfani da injin gyare-gyaren allura tare da babban ƙarfin filastik. Lokacin sanyaya na filastik tare da zafin zafi mai zafi na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ƙaddamarwa yana da wuri, amma ya kamata a hana nakasar sanyaya bayan rushewa.
Filastik tare da ƙananan ƙarancin zafin jiki suna da saurin sanyaya (kamar ion polymers, da sauransu), don haka dole ne a sanyaya su da kyau don haɓaka tasirin sanyaya. Motoci masu zafi masu zafi sun dace da robobi tare da ƙarancin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun zafi da haɓakar haɓakar thermal. Filastik tare da ƙayyadaddun zafi mai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin zafi, ƙarancin ƙarancin yanayin zafi, da jinkirin yanayin sanyaya ba su dace da gyare-gyare mai sauri ba. Dole ne a zaɓi injunan gyare-gyaren allura da suka dace da ingantattun sanyaya.
2) Ana buƙatar robobi daban-daban don kula da ƙimar sanyi mai dacewa bisa ga nau'ikan su, halaye da siffofi na sassan filastik. Saboda haka, dole ne a sanye take da tsarin dumama da sanyaya bisa ga buƙatun gyare-gyaren don kula da wani zazzabi mai ƙima. Lokacin da zafin jiki na kayan yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki, ya kamata a sanyaya shi don hana ɓangaren filastik daga lalacewa bayan rushewa, rage yanayin gyare-gyare, da rage crystallinity.
Lokacin da zafin daɗaɗɗen filastik bai isa ba don kiyaye ƙirar a wani zafin jiki, ƙirar ya kamata a sanye shi da tsarin dumama don kiyaye ƙirar a wani zafin jiki don sarrafa ƙimar sanyaya, tabbatar da ruwa, inganta yanayin cikawa ko sarrafa filastik. sassa don yin sanyi a hankali. Hana sanyi mara daidaituwa a ciki da wajen sassan filastik masu kauri mai kauri da haɓaka crystallinity.
Ga waɗanda ke da ruwa mai kyau, babban wurin gyare-gyare, da zafin jiki mara daidaituwa, ya danganta da yanayin gyare-gyaren sassa na filastik, wani lokacin yana buƙatar dumama ko sanyaya a madadin ko mai zafi na gida da sanyaya. Don wannan, ƙirar ya kamata a sanye shi da tsarin sanyaya mai dacewa ko tsarin dumama.
07
Hygroscopicity
Saboda akwai wasu abubuwan da ake da su a cikin robobi, wanda ke sa su sami mabanbanta darajar danshi, robobin za a iya raba kusan iri biyu: shayar da danshi, manne da danshi, da rashin sha da danshi. Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa dole ne a sarrafa su a cikin kewayon da aka yarda. In ba haka ba, damshin zai zama gas ko hydrolyzes a karkashin babban zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba, wanda zai sa guduro zuwa kumfa, rage yawan ruwa, kuma yana da mummunan bayyanar da kayan aikin injiniya.
Sabili da haka, filastik hygroscopic dole ne a preheated tare da hanyoyin dumama masu dacewa da ƙayyadaddun bayanai kamar yadda ake buƙata don hana sake shan danshi yayin amfani.
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