Isingeniso: Ukubumba komjovo kuyinqubo eyinhloko ezintweni zokupakisha zezimonyo. Inqubo yokuqala ivame ukubumba umjovo, okunquma ngokuqondile izinga lomkhiqizo nokukhiqiza. Ukusethwa kwenqubo yokubumba umjovo kufanele kucabangele izici ezingu-7 ezifana nokushwabana, uketshezi, ubucwebe, amapulasitiki azwela ukushisa namapulasitiki ane-hydrolyzed kalula, ukuqhekeka kwengcindezi nokuphuka kokuncibilika, ukusebenza okushisayo nezinga lokupholisa, nokumuncwa komswakama. Lesi sihloko sibhalwe nguiphakethe le-shanghai rainbow. Yabelana ngokuqukethwe okufanele kwalezi zici ezingu-7, ukuze uthole ireferensi yabangane bakho ochungechungeni lokunikezela lwe-Youpin:
Ukubumba umjovo
Ukubumba umjovo, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukubumba umjovo, kuyindlela yokubumba ehlanganisa umjovo nokubumba. Izinzuzo zendlela yokubumba umjovo ijubane lokukhiqiza elisheshayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusebenza kungenziwa nge-othomathikhi, imibala ehlukahlukene, ukwakheka kungaba kusuka kokulula kuye kokuyinkimbinkimbi, usayizi ungaba kusuka kokukhulu kuye kwabancane, nosayizi womkhiqizo unembile, umkhiqizo. kulula ukuyibuyekeza, futhi ingenziwa ibe yizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izingxenye kanye nokubunjwa komjovo kulungele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kanye nezinkambu zokucubungula ukubumba njengemikhiqizo enezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Emazingeni okushisa athile, izinto zepulasitiki ezincibilike ngokuphelele zishukunyiswa isikulufu, zifakwe emgodini wesikhunta ngokucindezela okukhulu, futhi zipholile futhi ziqiniswe ukuze kutholwe umkhiqizo obunjiwe. Le ndlela ifanele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezingxenye ezinobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokucubungula.
01
Ukuncipha
Izici ezithinta ukuncipha kokubunjwa kwe-thermoplastic zimi kanje:
I-1) Izinhlobo zePlastiki: Phakathi nenqubo yokubumba yamapulasitiki ashisayo, kusenezinguquko zevolumu ezibangelwa ukucwebezela, ukucindezeleka okuqinile kwangaphakathi, ukucindezeleka okukhulu okusalayo okufriziwe ezingxenyeni zepulasitiki, ukuma okuqinile kwamangqamuzana nezinye izici, ngakho-ke uma kuqhathaniswa nepulasitiki ye-thermoset, ukuncipha. isilinganiso sikhulu, ububanzi bokuncipha bubanzi, futhi ukuqondiswa kuyabonakala. Ukwengeza, ukushwabana ngemva kokubumba, ukufakwa kwe-anneal noma ukuswakama ngokuvamile kukhulu kunaleyo yamapulasitiki e-thermosetting.
2) Izici zengxenye yepulasitiki. Lapho into encibilikisiwe ithintana nendawo engaphezulu yembobo, ungqimba lwangaphandle lupholiswa ngokushesha ukuze lwenze igobolondo eliqinile elinobukhulu obuphansi. Ngenxa ye-thermal conductivity empofu yepulasitiki, ungqimba lwangaphakathi lwengxenye yepulasitiki lupholiswa kancane ukuze lwenze ungqimba oluqinile oluphezulu olunokuncipha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukushuba kodonga, ukupholisa kancane, kanye nogqinsi lwengqimba yokuqina kuzoncipha kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokufakwayo kanye nesakhiwo kanye nenani lezinto ezifakiwe kuthinta ngokuqondile isiqondiso sokugeleza kwempahla, ukusabalalisa kokuminyana kanye nokumelana nokuncipha. Ngakho-ke, izici zezingxenye zepulasitiki zinomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni nasekuqondiseni.
3) Izinto ezifana nefomu, usayizi, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo yokuphakelayo kuthinta ngqo isiqondiso sokugeleza kwempahla, ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu, ukugcinwa kwengcindezi kanye nomphumela onciphayo kanye nesikhathi sokubumba. Izimbobo zokuphakelayo eziqondile nezimbobo zokuphakelayo ezinezigaba ezinkulu eziphambanayo (ikakhulukazi iziphambano eziminyene) zinokushwabana okuncane kodwa ukuqondisa okukhulu, nezimbobo zokuphakelayo ezimfishane ezinobubanzi obufushane nobude zinokuqondiswa okuncane. Lezo eziseduze nendawo yokuphakelayo noma ezihambisana nendawo yokugeleza kwezinto zizoncipha kakhulu.
4) Izimo zokubumba Izinga lokushisa lesikhunta liphezulu, izinto ezincibilikisiwe ziphola kancane, ukuminyana kuphezulu, futhi ukuncipha kukhulu. Ikakhulukazi ku-crystalline material, ukuncipha kukhulu ngenxa ye-crystallinity ephezulu kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu zevolumu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa kwesikhunta nakho kuhlobene nokupholisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kanye nokufana kobuningi bengxenye yepulasitiki, okuthinta ngokuqondile ubukhulu kanye nesiqondiso sokuncipha kwengxenye ngayinye.
Ukwengeza, ingcindezi yokubamba kanye nesikhathi nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekufinyezweni, futhi ukufinyela kuncane kodwa ukuqondiswa kukhulu lapho ingcindezi iphezulu futhi isikhathi side. Ingcindezi yomjovo iphezulu, umehluko wokuncibilika kwe-viscosity mncane, ukucindezelwa kwe-interlayer shear kuncane, futhi i-elastic rebound ngemuva kokudilizwa inkulu, ngakho-ke ukuncipha kungancishiswa ngenani elifanele. Izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo liphezulu, ukuncipha kukhulu, kodwa ukuqondisa kuncane. Ngakho-ke, ukulungisa izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi, isivinini somjovo kanye nesikhathi sokupholisa ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kungashintsha ngokufanelekile ukuncipha kwengxenye yepulasitiki.
Lapho uklama isikhunta, ngokuya ngobubanzi bokuncipha kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene, ubukhulu bodonga kanye nokuma kwengxenye yepulasitiki, ubukhulu nokusabalalisa kwefomu lokungena, izinga lokuncipha kwengxenye ngayinye yengxenye yepulasitiki kunqunywa ngokusho kwesipiliyoni, futhi bese kubalwa ubukhulu bomgodi.
Ezingxenyeni zepulasitiki ezinemba kakhulu nalapho kunzima ukubamba izinga lokushwabana, izindlela ezilandelayo ngokuvamile kufanele zisetshenziselwe ukuklama isikhunta:
Thatha isilinganiso esincane sokuncipha kobubanzi obungaphandle bengxenye yepulasitiki, kanye nezinga elikhulu lokushwabana lobubanzi obungaphakathi, ukuze ushiye indawo yokulungiswa ngemva kwesikhunta sokuhlola.
Isikhunta sokuhlola sinquma ifomu, ubukhulu kanye nezimo zokubumba zesistimu yokufaka.
Izingxenye zepulasitiki ezizocutshungulwa zingaphansi kokucutshungulwa ukuze kutholwe ukushintsha kosayizi (ukulinganisa kufanele kube amahora angama-24 ngemuva kokudilizwa).
Lungisa isikhunta ngokuya ngokuncipha kwangempela.
Zama kabusha isikhunta futhi uguqule ngokufanelekile izimo zenqubo ukuze uguqule kancane inani lokuncipha ukuze lihlangabezane nezidingo zengxenye yepulasitiki.
02
uketshezi
1) I-fluidity ye-thermoplastics ingahlaziywa ngokujwayelekile kusukela ochungechungeni lwezinkomba ezifana nesisindo se-molecular, inkomba ye-ncibilika, ubude bokugeleza kwe-Archimedes, i-viscosity ebonakalayo kanye nesilinganiso sokugeleza (ubude benqubo/ingxenye yepulasitiki ukujiya kodonga).
Isisindo samangqamuzana amancane, ukusabalalisa kwesisindo samangqamuzana abanzi, ukungajwayelekile kwesakhiwo samangqamuzana, inkomba ephezulu yokuncibilika, ubude bokuvunguza okude, i-viscosity ebonakalayo ephansi, isilinganiso sokugeleza okuphezulu, i-fluidity enhle, amapulasitiki anegama elifanayo lomkhiqizo kufanele ahlole imiyalelo yawo ukuze anqume ukuthi uketshezi lwawo lukhona yini. esebenzayo Ekubumbeni umjovo.
Ngokwezidingo zokuklama isikhunta, uketshezi lwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa ngokuvamile lungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu:
I-fluidity enhle i-PA, i-PE, i-PS, i-PP, i-CA, i-poly(4) i-methylpentene;
I-Medium fluidity Polystyrene series resin (efana ne-ABS, AS), i-PMMA, i-POM, i-polyphenylene ether;
I-PC ye-fluidity empofu, i-PVC eqinile, i-polyphenylene ether, i-polysulfone, i-polyarylsulfone, i-fluoroplastics.
2) I-fluidity yamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene nayo iyashintsha ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene zokubumba. Izici eziyinhloko ezinomthelela yilezi ezilandelayo:
①Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lezinto ezibonakalayo linyusa uketshezi, kodwa amapulasitiki ahlukene anomehluko wawo, njenge-PS (ikakhulukazi lawo anokumelana nomthelela omkhulu kanye nenani eliphakeme le-MFR), PP, PA, PMMA, i-polystyrene eguquliwe (njenge-ABS, AS) I-fluidity ye, PC , i-CA namanye amapulasitiki ahluka kakhulu ngezinga lokushisa. Ku-PE kanye ne-POM, ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa noma ukwehla kunomphumela omncane ku-fluidity yabo. Ngakho-ke, owokuqala kufanele ulungise izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokubumba ukuze ulawule uketshezi.
②Lapho ingcindezi yokubunjwa komjovo inyuswa, izinto ezincibilikisiwe zingaphansi komphumela omkhulu wokugunda, futhi i-fluidity iyanda, ikakhulukazi i-PE ne-POM izwela kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukucindezela komjovo kufanele kulungiswe ukuze kulawulwe uketshezi ngesikhathi sokubunjwa.
③Ifomu, usayizi, ukwakheka, ukwakheka kwesistimu yokupholisa yesakhiwo sesikhunta, ukumelana nokugeleza kwento encibilikisiwe (njengokuqedwa kwendawo, ukushuba kwesigaba sesiteshi, ukuma kwesikhala, isistimu yokukhipha umoya) nezinye izici ngokuqondile. kuthinta izinto ezincibilikisiwe emgodini I-fluidity yangempela ngaphakathi, uma impahla encibilikisiwe ikhuthazwa ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa futhi ikhulise ukumelana ne-fluidity, i-fluidity izokwehla. Lapho uklama isikhunta, isakhiwo esinengqondo kufanele sikhethwe ngokusho kwe-fluidity yepulasitiki esetshenzisiwe.
Ngesikhathi sokubunjwa, izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi yomjovo, isivinini somjovo nezinye izici zingabuye zilawulwe ukuze kulungiswe ngokufanele isimo sokugcwalisa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokubumba.
03
I-Crystallinity
Ama-Thermoplastics angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki acwebile kanye namapulasitiki angewona amakristalu (owaziwa nangokuthi ama-amorphous) ngokusho kokungabikho kwawo kwekristalu ngesikhathi sokufiphala.
Okubizwa ngokuthi i-crystallization phenomenon kubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi lapho ipulasitiki ishintsha isuka esimweni esincibilikisiwe ibe yisimo sokufingqa, ama-molecule ahamba ngokuzimela futhi asesimweni esiphazamisekile ngokuphelele. Ama-molecule ayeka ukuhamba ngokukhululeka, acindezele indawo emile kancane, futhi abe nokuthambekela kokwenza ukuhlelwa kwamangqamuzana kube imodeli evamile. Lesi simo.
Indlela yokubukeka yokwahlulela lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamapulasitiki inganqunywa ngokusobala kwezingxenye zepulasitiki ezinodonga oluwugqinsi. Ngokuvamile, izinto zekristalu ziyi-opaque noma i-translucent (njenge-POM, njll.), futhi izinto ezi-amorphous ziyabonakala (njenge-PMMA, njll.). Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile. Isibonelo, i-poly(4) i-methylpentene iyipulasitiki ecwebezelayo kodwa inokucaca okuphezulu, futhi i-ABS iyinto e-amorphous kodwa engabonisi ngale.
Lapho uklama isikhunta nokukhetha imishini yokubumba umjovo, naka lezi zidingo ezilandelayo kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha zamapulasitiki acwebile:
Ukushisa okudingekayo ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lempahla ekushiseni okwakhiwa kudinga ukushisa okukhulu, futhi imishini enamandla amakhulu e-plasticizing iyadingeka.
Inani elikhulu lokushisa likhishwa ngesikhathi sokupholisa nokuguqulwa, ngakho-ke kufanele zipholiswe ngokwanele.
Umehluko othize wamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwesimo esincibilikisiwe nesimo esiqinile mkhulu, ukuncipha kokubumba kukhulu, futhi ukushwabana nezimbotshana kujwayele ukwenzeka.
Ukupholisa okusheshayo, ubucwebe obuphansi, ukushwabana okuncane nokucaca okuphezulu. I-crystallinity ihlobene nokuqina kodonga lwengxenye yepulasitiki, futhi ukushuba kodonga kuhamba kancane ukupholisa, i-crystallinity iphakeme, ukuncipha kukhulu, futhi izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zinhle. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta se-crystalline material kufanele lilawulwe njengoba kudingeka.
I-anisotropy ibalulekile futhi ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kukhulu. Amangqamuzana angacwebezeli ngemva kokudilizwa anomkhuba wokuqhubeka nokucwebezela, asesimweni sokungalingani kwamandla, futhi athambekele ekuguqukeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwempi.
Ibanga lokushisa elicwebezelayo lincane, futhi kulula ukubangela into engancibilikisiwe ukuthi ifakwe esikhunjeni noma ivimbe imbobo yokuphakelayo.
04
Amapulasitiki angezwani nokushisa kanye namapulasitiki ane-hydrolyzed kalula
I-1) Ukuzwela ukushisa kusho ukuthi amanye amapulasitiki azwela kakhulu ukushisa. Zizoshiswa isikhathi eside ekushiseni okuphezulu noma isigaba sokuvula okuphakelayo sincane kakhulu. Uma umphumela wokugunda umkhulu, izinga lokushisa lempahla lizokhula kalula ukuze libangele ukushintsha kombala, ukuwohloka nokubola. Ipulasitiki eyisici ibizwa ngokuthi ipulasitiki engezwani nokushisa.
Okufana ne-PVC eqinile, i-polyvinylidene chloride, i-vinyl acetate copolymer, i-POM, i-polychlorotrifluoroethylene, njll. Amapulasitiki azwela ukushisa akhiqiza ama-monomers, amagesi, okuqinile kanye neminye imikhiqizo ngesikhathi sokubola. Ikakhulukazi, amanye amagesi okubola anemiphumela ecasulayo, eyonakalisayo noma enobuthi emzimbeni womuntu, izinto zokusebenza, nezibungu.
Ngakho-ke, ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe ekwakhiweni kwesikhunta, ukukhethwa komshini wokubumba umjovo nokubunjwa. Umshini wokubumba umjovo wesikulufa kufanele usetshenziswe. Ingxenye yesistimu yokuthela kufanele ibe nkulu. Isikhunta kanye nomgqomo kufanele kufakwe i-chrome-plated. Engeza ukuqinisa ukuze wenze buthaka ukuzwela kwayo okushisayo.
I-2) Ngisho noma amanye amapulasitiki (afana ne-PC) aqukethe inani elincane lamanzi, azobola ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela okukhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi i-hydrolysis elula, okumele ishiswe futhi yomiswe kusengaphambili.
05
Ukuqhekeka kwengcindezi nokuncibilika ukuphuka
1) Amanye amapulasitiki azwela ukucindezeleka. Bathambekele ekucindezelekeni kwangaphakathi ngesikhathi sokubumba futhi bayaphuka futhi kulula ukuqhekeka. Izingxenye zepulasitiki zizoqhekeka ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla angaphandle noma i-solvent.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngaphezu kokwengeza izithasiselo ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokuqhekeka, ukunakekelwa kufanele kukhokhwe ekomisweni kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, futhi izimo zokubumba kufanele zikhethwe ngokufanele ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi nokwandisa ukumelana nokuqhekeka. Futhi kufanele ukhethe ukwakheka okunengqondo kwezingxenye zepulasitiki, akufanelekile ukufaka izinto ezifakiwe nezinye izindlela zokunciphisa ukugxila kokucindezeleka.
Lapho uklama isikhunta, i-engeli yokudilika kufanele inyuswe, futhi kukhethwe indawo yokuphakelayo enengqondo nendlela yokukhipha. Izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi yomjovo kanye nesikhathi sokupholisa kufanele kulungiswe ngendlela efanele ngesikhathi sokubunjwa, futhi uzame ukugwema ukubhidliza lapho ingxenye yepulasitiki ibanda kakhulu futhi ishwabana, Ngemva kokubunjwa, izingxenye zepulasitiki kufanele futhi zibe ngaphansi kokwelashwa ngemva kokwelashwa ukuze zithuthuke. ukumelana nokuqhekeka, ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi futhi uvimbele ukuthintana nama-solvents.
2) Lapho i-polymer encibilika enezinga elithile lokuncibilika lokuncibilika idlula emgodini we-nozzle ngezinga lokushisa elingashintshi futhi izinga lokugeleza lidlula inani elithile, imifantu esobala engemuva ebusweni bokuncibilika kubizwa ngokuthi i- melt fracture, ezolimaza ukubukeka futhi izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zengxenye yepulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha ama-polymer anezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika kokuncibilika, ingxenye enqamulayo yombhobho, umgijimi, nokuvulwa kokuphakelayo kufanele kunyuswe ukuze kuncishiswe ijubane lomjovo futhi kwandiswe izinga lokushisa lempahla.
06
Ukusebenza okushisayo nezinga lokupholisa
I-1) Amapulasitiki ahlukahlukene anezindawo ezishisayo ezihlukene ezifana nokushisa okuthile, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okushisayo, kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuhlanekezela ukushisa. Ukufakwa kwepulasitiki ngokushisa okuqondile okuphezulu kudinga inani elikhulu lokushisa, futhi umshini wokubumba umjovo onamandla amakhulu we-plasticizing kufanele usetshenziswe. Isikhathi sokupholisa sepulasitiki esinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokuhlanekezela ukushisa singaba sifushane futhi ukudilizwa kusenesikhathi, kodwa ukuwohloka kokupholisa kufanele kugwenywe ngemva kokubhidlizwa.
Amapulastiki ane-thermal conductivity ephansi anezinga lokupholisa elihamba kancane (njengama-polymers e-ionic, njll.), ngakho-ke kufanele apholiswe ngokwanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokupholisa wesikhunta. Isikhunta somgijimi oshisayo sifanele amapulasitiki anokushisa okukhethekile okuphansi kanye ne-thermal conductivity ephezulu. Amapulastiki anokushisa okuqondile okukhulu, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal okuphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuguquguquka kwe-thermal, nezinga lokupholisa elihamba kancane alihambisani nokubumba ngesivinini esikhulu. Imishini efanele yokubumba umjovo kanye nokupholisa isikhunta okuthuthukisiwe kufanele kukhethwe.
2) Amapulasitiki ahlukahlukene ayadingeka ukugcina izinga lokupholisa elifanele ngokwezinhlobo zawo, izici kanye nokuma kwezingxenye zepulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, isikhunta kufanele sibe nezinhlelo zokufudumeza nokupholisa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokubumba ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elithile lesikhunta. Lapho izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo likhuphula izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, kufanele lipholiswe ukuvimbela ingxenye yepulasitiki ukuthi ingaguquki ngemva kokudilizwa, ifinyeze umjikelezo wokubumba, futhi inciphise ubucwebe.
Lapho ukushisa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki kunganele ukugcina isikhunta ekushiseni okuthile, isikhunta kufanele sifakwe uhlelo lokushisa ukugcina isikhunta ekushiseni okuthile ukulawula izinga lokupholisa, ukuqinisekisa uketshezi, ukuthuthukisa izimo zokugcwalisa noma ukulawula ipulasitiki. izingxenye ukupholisa kancane. Vimbela ukupholisa okungalingani ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezingxenye zepulasitiki ezinodonga oluwugqinsi futhi wandise ukucwebezela.
Kulabo abane-fluidity enhle, indawo enkulu yokubumba, kanye nezinga lokushisa elingalingani, kuye ngezimo zokubumba izingxenye zepulasitiki, ngezinye izikhathi idinga ukushiswa noma ukupholiswa ngokushintshana noma ukushisisa endaweni futhi kupholiswe. Ukuze kufezeke lokhu, isikhunta kufanele sihlonyiswe ngesistimu yokupholisa ehambisanayo noma yokushisa.
07
I-Hygroscopicity
Ngenxa yokuthi kunezithasiselo ezihlukahlukene kumapulasitiki, ezibenza babe namazinga ahlukene okuhambisana nomswakama, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa cishe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: ukumuncwa komswakama, ukunamathela komswakama, nokungamuncwa nokungagxili. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi kokokusebenza kufanele kulawulwe ngaphakathi kwebanga elivumelekile. Uma kungenjalo, umswakama uzophenduka igesi noma i-hydrolyze ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu, okuzokwenza ukuthi inhlaka ibe igwebu, inciphise uketshezi, futhi ibe nokubukeka okubi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.
Ngakho-ke, amapulasitiki e-hygroscopic kufanele ashiswe kusengaphambili ngezindlela zokushisa ezifanele kanye nokucaciswa okudingekayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukumuncwa kabusha komswakama ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
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